¿Es pecado enojarse?: (Ef 4, 23-26; Jn 2, 14-16) Les invito a reflexionar sobre la ira, que juega un papel importante en nuestras relaciones. Cuando no somos señores de ella, cuando no tenemos la vigilancia necesaria de nuestras reacciones emocionales o no perdonamos, nos descontrolamos. Si no somos conscientes de nuestros sentimientos o no los trabajamos, podemos comportarnos inconscientemente de modo injusto y destructivo, pues actuamos por instinto. Los sentimientos tienen influencia profunda sobre nuestras ideas, opiniones, acciones y, en general, sobre nuestro cuerpo y nuestro comportamiento. Radio Cristo.
Podemos enojarnos, pero sin pecar
Por principio y de suyo la ira no es mala, pues todos tenemos el justo derecho de tomar represalia por las ofensas, según la recta razón y la ley general. Mientras el hombre se atenga al dictamen de la razón y obre de acuerdo con las exigencias de la naturaleza, la ira es un acto digno de alabanza; es un deber del que la ley puede pedir cuentas. Por eso, pudo decir san Juan Crisóstomo: «Quien con causa no se aíra, peca. Porque la paciencia irracional siembra vicios, fomenta la negligencia, y no sólo a los malos sino también a los buenos los invita al mal». Sólo cuando se excede la medida racional, o cuando no se llegue al justo medio, la ira o la no ira, son pecado. No se puede decir que una persona airada esté pecando, ya que su acto de ira puede responder en proporción justa, a la medida racional que la ira por celo está reclamando de él, pues al centrarse la ira en la venganza, si el fin de la venganza es recto, la ira es buena.
Las primeras comunidades
Los cristianos de la primera comunidad apostólica se amaban y se trataban mutuamente como hermanos (cf. Hech 2,42-47). Con el paso del tiempo, las comunidades fueron creciendo en tamaño y en número y fueron creciendo las diferencias personales (cf. 1Cor 11, 17-22). Incluso, se hizo más difícil recordar que ser cristiano suponía fuertes exigencias en las relaciones personales. No basta con haber recibido el bautismo, con rezar y participar en la celebración de la Eucaristía. Los cristianos tenían que vivir su fe en el contacto con el hermano, en sus relaciones de cada día, que se fueron cargando de conflictos. Avanzando el tiempo las comunidades empezaron a tener fuertes dificultades en las relaciones, a caer en la mediocridad, y destruir así la vida comunitaria.
Tratando de comprender la ira
La ira, en su esencia íntima, es una sed tan viva de venganza, correspondiente a una injuria recibida, cuya satisfacción se logra con la venganza. Es tan poderosa que resulta repulsiva tanto para quien lo experimenta en sí mismo como para quien la advierte en otro. Como afecta a las relaciones humanas, hasta hacernos capaces de odiar, ha suscitado más debates que ninguna otra emoción. Muchos católicos habían creído que el sentimiento de ira era en sí mismo pecaminoso. Ha tenido que pasar mucho tiempo hasta descubrir que es una emoción humana normal, regalo de Dios para la supervivencia física y psicológica. La Carta a los Efesios, cuando afirma: “Si se aíran, no pequen; no se ponga el sol mientras están airados… Toda acritud, gritos, maledicencia y cualquier clase de maldad, desaparezca de entre ustedes” (Ef 4,26.31), entiende que no es el sentimiento de la ira lo que es malo, sino la conducta perjudicial o culpable que dimana de él.
¿Cómo es posible airarse sin pecar?
Si encontramos expresiones de ira en la vida de Jesús, quiere decir que esta no es pecado, sino un estado emocional normal. Cuando a uno le pisan el pie, brinca. En ese caso la ira es un sentimiento normal, con ciertos límites. Se entiende que la gente tiene sentimientos de ira. Pero esos sentimientos no deben llevarnos a una conducta injuriosa. El sentimiento es una cosa y su expresión externa es otra. No podemos controlar los sentimientos, pero sí podemos controlar su reacción. Una cosa es sentir ira y otra mostrarla en la conducta. Tener ira no es pecado, mientras sea aislada y se eviten las conductas que sean perjudiciales para la vida familiar. De todos modos, la ira es un sentimiento difícil de controlar.
Sentir no es consentir
Lo primero que tenemos que hacer es distinguir el sentimiento de ira del pecado de la ira. Nos enseñan la psicología y el Catecismo de la Iglesia Católica que sentir no es lo mismo que consentir, y que los sentimientos en sí mismos, no son ni buenos ni malos, son amorales, no son pecado. Dice el Catecismo que “el término ‘pasiones’ designa los afectos y los sentimientos. Ejemplos eminentes de pasiones son el amor y el odio, el deseo y el temor, la alegría, la tristeza y la ira. En sí mismas, las pasiones no son buenas ni malas. Las emociones y sentimientos pueden ser asumidos por las virtudes, o pervertidos en los vicios”. (CaIC 1767-1774). En segundo lugar, el sentimiento de ira surge cuando lo que la persona espera, necesita o desea no es alcanzado. Por eso, si no hay deseo no hay ira. Así, si yo espero que mis hijos se porten siempre bien, hagan la tarea sin protestar, y mantengan sus cuartos en orden, si esto no sucede me voy a frustrar. El sentimiento de la ira es una reacción a mi frustración, porque las cosas no suceden como yo quisiera que fueran.
Testimonio de la Escritura
En los Evangelios encontramos el testimonio de que Jesús se enojó contra los mercaderes en el templo de Jerusalén (Juan 2,13-16); cuando los fariseos quisieron ridiculizarlo por curar en el día sábado, Jesús “paseó sobre ellos su mirada enojado y apenado por su ceguera” (Mc 3,5); cuando los discípulos reprendían a los niños para que nos se le acercaran “Jesús se enfadó y les dijo: Dejen que los niños vengan a mí” (Mc 9,13-14).
Sentimiento normal
Cristo se airó porque habían convertido la casa de Dios en cueva de ladrones. Cuando vinieron los niños a El y los apóstoles no los dejaron acercarse, el Señor se enojó. Esta es la ira normal, reacción normal del celo por la gloria de Dios ultrajada. La ira normal no lleva nunca a la agresión.
Sentimiento anormal
Hay otro grado al cual puede llegar la ira que es lo que llamamos «la rabia», la furia. Ese es un grado muy grande de ira que puede llevar, y ordinariamente lleva, a la agresión de palabra o de obra; la rabia es una forma muy fuerte de ira. Es terrible y lleva a la violencia, a la agresión. No hay que confundir ira con rabia, con resentimiento. En el resentimiento hay su parte de ira también, que la persona va almacenando, pensando en lo que le hicieron lo va guardando. Por eso se llama resentimiento, que significa volver a sentir. Esta ira va destruyendo a la persona que la siente, no al que causó el resentimiento, que a veces ni se entera que hizo calentar al otro. La ira destruye, si llega a convertirse en odio, cuyo proceso final es el resentimiento, que es una ira congelada. La ira se puede convertir en una adicción. ¿Cuándo se puede decir que una persona es adicta a la ira? Cuando no tiene control sobre la ira y ésta es algo crónico, compulsivo.
Elemento de crecimiento personal
La ira es un elemento fundamental de crecimiento personal. Puede ser un enemigo que arruine nuestras relaciones y destruya familias y comunidades o puede hacerse presente como un amigo. Será como una especie de faro para nuestro conocimiento y una fuente de energía para la acción. Clarificar nuestras necesidades más profundas y conocer nuestras barreras nos sitúa en la posición de asumir las riendas de nuestra ira, en vez de que ella lo asuma sobre nosotros.
Más importante que cualquier sacrificio
La Escritura nos introduce en las líneas maestras de la vida de los seguidores de Jesús en cuanto a las relaciones. La esencia de estas líneas de conducta es el amor. Los sinópticos presentan el mandamiento del amor dentro de un contexto de conflicto. Jesús ha llegado a Jerusalén. El jefe del sanedrín, los escribas y los ancianos han puesto en duda su autoridad. Cuando Jesús continúa enseñando, ellos se ponen furiosos y quieren detenerlo; algunos fariseos y saduceos se reúnen e inventan unas preguntas para ponerle una trampa. Así, con ese telón de fondo, rodeado de enemigos y de trampas, puesto a prueba y atacado, Mateo, Marcos y Lucas presentan a Jesús hablando del amor (cf. Mc 12,28-34). Enseñándonos así que la mansedumbre y la misericordia moderan la ira, el odio. El conflicto no nos exime del amor. La ira contra el prójimo no nos exime del más grande de los mandamientos. Más aún, el momento de la ira es el momento de responder con amor. Nos llama a abordar el conflicto con la actitud y conducta de los que viven a Jesús, de los que creen que amar al prójimo “vale más que todos los holocaustos y sacrificios” (Mc 12,33). Incluso cuando alguien nos ha atacado, nos ha engañado, ha sido hostil con nosotros, nuestra respuesta es dejarnos guiar por el amor. Y esto no significa negar nuestra ira, sino enfrentar nuestra ira, a la persona contra quien nos airamos con un comportamiento en armonía con el amor evangélico: honradez, respeto y sobre todo disposición para el perdón.
Jesús, en medio de la oposición, peleando con sus amigos y con sus enemigos, habla del amor. Nos habla de un Padre que perdona, que acoge entre sus brazos al hijo que le ha ofendido; habla del pastor cansado que sale en busca de una sola oveja perdida; de una mujer sorprendida en adulterio que experimenta su acogida en vez de su lapidación; de un criminal que muere saboreándola misericordia y el perdón. Estas historias nos dicen que no podemos tener vida sin conflictos y que el conflicto nos ofrece la oportunidad de recuperar algo que hemos perdido, la oportunidad de la curación, de dar la vuelta a nuestras vidas, la oportunidad de regresar a nuestra casa, la casa del Padre.
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